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1	Name:	Dr. John Deutch
	Institution:	Massachusetts Institute of Technology
	Year Elected:	2007
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1938

	John Deutch is an Institute Professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dr. Deutch has been a member of the MIT faculty since 1970 and has served as Chairman of the Department of Chemistry, Dean of Science, and Provost. Dr. Deutch has published over 160 technical publications in physical chemistry, as well as numerous publications on technology, energy, international security and public policy issues. He received the Aspen Strategy Group Leadership Award in 2004 and was the Phi Beta Kappa "Orator" at Harvard University in 2005. John Deutch served as Director of Central Intelligence from May 1995 to December 1996. From 1994-95 he served as Deputy Secretary of Defense and served as Undersecretary of Defense for Acquisition and Technology from 1993-94. He has also served as Director of Energy Research (1977-79), Acting Assistant Secretary for Energy Technology (1979) and Undersecretary (1979-80) in the United States Department of Energy. In addition, John Deutch has served on the President's Nuclear Safety Oversight Committee (1980-81); the President's Commission on Strategic Forces (1983); the White House Science Council (1985-89); the President's Intelligence Advisory Board (1990-93); the President's Commission on Aviation Safety and Security (1996); the President's Commission on Reducing and Protecting Government Secrecy (1996-97); and as Chairman of the Commission to Assess the Organization of the Federal Government to Combat the Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction (1998-99). He was a member of the President's Committee of Advisors on Science and Technology (1997-2001). In 2018 he made a generous endowment to name an MIT Institute Professorship, thereby supporting the most exceptional faculty members of the Institute. John Deutch was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2007.

2	Name:	Mr. E. L. Doctorow
	Institution:	New York University
	Year Elected:	2007
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	501. Creative Artists
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1931
	Death Date:	July 21, 2015

	E.L. Doctorow was a consummate American novelist whose works have masterfully explored the country's history. In The Book of Daniel it was the trial of the Rosenbergs; in Ragtime ebullient America at the turn of the nineteenth century; in the superb Billy Bathgate New York during Prohibition; and in The March Sherman's fabled sweep through the South. His 2009 book, Homer & Langley, details the lives of two wealthy Manhattan packrats who collected over 100 tons of miscellaneous items. All the Time in the World, published in 2011, is a collection of several of his short stories. His last work was Andrew's Brain (2014). Doctorow was a prolific writer of short stories, a deeply appreciated teacher of creative writing, and a dignified, highly erudite, yet convivial man. A graduate of Kenyon College, he was the Lewis and Loretta Glucksman Professor in American Letters and Professor of English at New York University. In 2014 he was awarded the Library of Congress Prize for American Fiction. E. L. Doctorow died July 21, 2015, at age 84, in Manhattan. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2006.

3	Name:	Mr. Lee Friedlander
	Year Elected:	2007
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	501. Creative Artists
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1934

	Photographer Lee Friedlander studied with Edward Kaminski at the Art Center, Los Angeles, from 1953-55 before settling in New York, where he began photographing jazz musicians. Eugène Atget, Walker Evans and Robert Frank were among his early influences. His discovery of the work of E. J. Bellocq led to an exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art in 1970. His first one-man show was held in 1963 at the International Museum of Photography at George Eastman House in Rochester, N.Y. Friedlander's fascination with reflections in glass that suggest multiple layers in depth received increased attention in the 1960s. His critical eye, which began photographing the U.S. social landscape in the 1960s, produced the first of many volumes, Newark, New Jersey, in 1962. He then developed affinities with Jim Dine and Pop art that resulted in their Works from the Same House. Urban life became more prominent in Friedlander's work in the 1970s (Albuquerque, 1972), which led to The American Monument (1976) devoted to public monuments. In the 1980s he photographed industrial areas in the Ohio valley (Factory Valleys: Ohio and Pennsylvania, 1982) and furthered a continuing interest in nature with Flowers and Trees (1981) and Cherry Blossom Time in Japan (1986). Friedlander received Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Grants in 1960, 1962 and 1977; a MacArthur Foundation Award in 1990; a Chevalier des Arts et Lettres from France in 1999; and a Skowhegan Medal in Photography in 2000. A recent exhibition, "Lee Friedlander: A Ramble in Olmsted Parks", appeared at New York's Metropolitan Museum of Art in 2008, and "America by Car" was both published and exhibited at the Whitney Museum of Art in 2010. In 2014 he published Family in the Picture: 1958-2013.

4	Name:	Dr. Eugene Garfield
	Institution:	The Scientist; Institute for Scientific Information/Thomson Scientific
	Year Elected:	2007
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	504. Scholars in the Professions
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1925
	Death Date:	February 26, 2017

	Eugene Garfield was a pioneer in information retrieval systems and the inventor of Current Contents (1958), Index Chemicus (1960), Science Citation Index (1964), Social Sciences Citation Index (1970), and Arts and Humanities Citation Index (1975). He was an eclectic science communicator, founding publisher/editor of The Scientist, and author of over 1,000 articles and books. His annual impact factor rankings of ISI's Journal Citation Reports (1975) have promoted high journal standards worldwide. His HistCite system (1964) of algorithmic historiography now maps research topics from searches of the ISI Web of Science database of 30,000,000 articles. Modern scholarship in the sciences and the humanities relies heavily on the retrieval of information and the assessment of its impact on the thinking of others. Garfield developed the technique of Science Citation. Papers are ranked based on the number of times that they are referenced in other papers. Google is based on the same principle. Web sites are ranked in the list that is generated by the search words or phrase based on the number of times other Web sites refer to them. In their Stanford thesis that is the basis of the Google concept, Google's founders Larry Page and Sergey Brin cited Garfield's invention of Science Citations. His invention has been a major contribution to information technology and to American and world business. Eugene Garfield died February 26, 2017, at the age of 91.

5	Name:	Mr. Jasper Johns
	Year Elected:	2007
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	501. Creative Artists
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1930

	Jasper Johns was born May 15, 1930, in Augusta, Georgia, and lived in South Carolina during his childhood with his grandparents and other relatives. After studying at the University of South Carolina, Columbia, he went to New York in 1949. He attended art school for a short time before he was drafted into the army and stationed in Japan. From 1952 he lived in downtown New York, supporting himself by working in a bookstore and making display work for stores, including Tiffany & Co. The first Flag, Target and Number paintings were made in the mid-1950s and were shown in his first one-man exhibition in 1958 at the Leo Castelli Gallery, New York, where he continued to exhibit regularly. In 1959 he participated in the "Sixteen Americans" show at the Museum of Modern Art, New York. During this period, Johns made his first sculptures of a light bulb and a flashlight, and in 1960 he made the two "Painted Bronze" pieces of the Ballantine Ale cans and the Savarin coffee can with paintbrushes. Also in 1960, Johns made his first lithograph ("Target") at Tatyana Grosman's print workshop on Long Island, Universal Limited Art Editions (ULAE). He has since made prints mainly at ULAE; Gemini G.E.L., Los Angeles; Simca Print Artists, Inc, New York; and Atelier Crommelynck, Paris. Exhibitions of his prints were held in 1970 at the Philadelphia Museum of Art and the Museum of Modern Art, New York, and in 1982 at the Whitney Museum of American Art. In May, 1986, The Museum of Modern Art presented "Jasper Johns: A Print Retrospective," which traveled in the United States, Europe and Japan; and in 1990, two years after having acquired a complete collection of the artist's published graphic work, the Walker Art Center, Minneapolis, organized the exhibition "Jasper Johns: Printed Symbols," which traveled to six other museums in the United States and Canada. In spring 1994 ULAE published "The Prints of Jasper Johns 1960-1993: A Catalogue Raisonné." Though living in New York in the 1960s, Jasper Johns worked at his studio in Edisto Beach, South Carolina several months of each year, from 1961 until it was destroyed by fire in 1966. He also traveled and worked in Japan and in Los Angeles, when he began making prints at Gemini G. E. L. Works of this period include the "0 through 9" series (1961); the "Watchman" and "Souvenir" paintings (Japan, 1964); and the large works "Diver" (1962), "According to What" (1964); "Harlem Light" (1967); and "Wall Piece" (1968). Johns' "Map (Based on Buckminster Fuller's Dymaxion Air Ocean World)" (1967-71), originally made for the Montréal Expo '67, was shown at the Museum of Modern Art in 1971. In a large "Untited" painting in 1972, Johns introduced in his work a motif referred to as "cross hatch." "Scent" (1973-74) was the first work based entirely on the "cross hatch" motif, which dominated his work into the early 1980s. During this period, in 1977, the Whitney Museum of American Art presented a retrospective exhibition, "Jasper Johns," which traveled in the United States, Europe and Japan. In the beginning of 1987, Johns' show at the Leo Castelli Gallery featured four paintings of "The Seasons", along with drawings and prints based on the same theme. A set of four intaglio prints, The Seasons represented the most recent work in the exhibition "Jasper Johns: Work Since 1974", organized by and shown at the Philadelphia Museum of Art after opening at the 1988 Venice Biennale. Johns was the featured artist at the American Pavilion in Venice and recipient of the Grand Prize for the 43rd Biennale. In 1990 the National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., opened the retrospective "The Drawings of Jasper Johns", later shown at the Kunstmuseum, Basel; the Hayward Gallery, London; and the Whitney Museum of American Art, New York. In 1993 Leo Castelli celebrated his long working relationship with the artist with an exhibition "Jasper Johns: 35 Years with Leo Castelli" with works representing the 11 shows held at the gallery from 1958-93. Early in 1996, the first exhibition of Johns' sculpture, organized by the Centre for the Study of Sculpture at the Henry Moore Institute in Leeds, opened at the Menil Collection, Houston, and was later shown at the Leeds City Art Gallery. In the fall of the same year, the Museum of Modern Art presented a retrospective exhibition of the artist's work, which traveled to museums in Cologne and Tokyo. Most of the loans from the artist for that exhibition were featured at the opening of the Fondation Beyeler in Basel in October 1997. In 1999 the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art presented "Jasper Johns: New Paintings and Works on Paper," which traveled to the Yale University Art Gallery and the Dallas Museum of Art. In 2003 "Jasper Johns: Numbers," was exhibited at the Cleveland Museum of Art, and "Past Things and Present: Jasper Johns since 1983," at the Walker Art Cetner. The latter show traveled in the U.S., Spain, Scotland and Ireland. The year 2007 began with the opening of two exhibitions at the National Gallery of Art, Washington. "Jasper Johns: An Allegory of Painting 1955-1965" included paintings, drawings and prints relating to four subjects in Johns' work: the target, the device, stencilled names of colors, and tracings and imprints of body parts. "States and Variations: Prints by Jasper Johns" opened with the National Gallery's announcement of the acquisition from the artist of about 1,700 proofs of the various types of prints he had made since he began working in that medium in 1960. After moving to Connecticut in 1996, Johns set up a print studio, Low Road Studio, on his property. In the fall of 2004 Leo Castelli Gallery presented "Jasper Johns: Prints from the Low Road Studio", the first exhibition of those works. The Museum of Modern Art acquired three of Johns' paintings from his first exhibition at Leo Castelli Gallery in 1958. His work is now represented in numerous public and private collections throughout the world. Jasper Johns has been a director of the Foundation for Contemporary Arts since its beginning in 1963. He was artistic advisor to the Merce Cunningham Dance Company from 1967-75. He received the Creative Arts Awards Citation for Painting from Brandeis University in 1970 and two medals from Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture: the Skowhegan Medal for Painting in 1972 and the Skowhegan Medal for Graphics in 1977. In 1973 he was elected a member of the National Institute of Arts and Letters, and in 1978 he received the City of New York Mayor's Award of Honor for Arts and Culture. He became a fellow of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences in 1984. The American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters awarded Johns the Gold Medal for Graphic Art in 1986, the same year in which the Wolf Foundation of Israel awarded him the Wolf Prize for Painting. In 1988 Brandeis University honored him again with the Creative Arts Awards Medal for Painting. In the same year he received the Grand Prize at the XLIII Venice Biennale and was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letters. In 1990 Johns was presented a National Medal of Arts at the White House by President Bush, and in 1993 he received the Praemium Imperiale for painting from the Japan Art Association in Tokyo. The MacDowell Colony, Peterborough, New Hampshire, awarded Johns the Edward MacDowell Medal in 1994. In 1997 he was made an Academician in the Class of Painting of the National Academy/ Museum and School of Fine Arts, New York. At present, Jasper Johns maintains studios in Connecticut and the French West Indies, where he works on paintings, drawings, sculptures and prints. He was awarded the 2010 Medal of Freedom by President Obama. His latest museum exhibition, "Jasper Johns: Gray", opened at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York in 2008.

6	Name:	Dr. Karl Kaiser
	Institution:	Harvard University; University of Bonn
	Year Elected:	2007
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1934

	Karl Kaiser is Director of the Program on Transatlantic Relations at the Weatherhead Center for International Affairs and Adjunct Professor of Public Policy at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University as well as a Senior Scholar of the German Council on Foreign Relations in Berlin. He was born in Germany in 1934 and studied economics and political science at Cologne University (Degree of Diplom-Kaufmann, 1954-58). He conducted graduate studies at the University of Grenoble (D.E.S. de Science Politique, 1958-59) and Oxford University (Nuffield College, 1961-63), simultaneously receiving a Ph.D. from Cologne University (Dr.rer.pol.). He subsequently worked at Harvard University, first for Henry Kissinger, then as Research Associate at the Center for International Affairs, Head Tutor in Social Studies and Lecturer in Government (1963-68). He has also served at Harvard several times as a visiting professor. Later, he held professorships at Johns Hopkins University in Bologna (Italy), the Hebrew University and the Universities of Saarbrucken, Cologne, Florence and Bonn. From 1973-2003 he was Otto-Wolff-Director of the German Council on Foreign Relations, Bonn/Berlin. Dr. Kaiser has also served as a member of the Federal Commission for the Reform of the Federal Armed Services, the Council of Environmental Advisors of Germany and on several commissions of enquiry of the German Parliament, testimonials in the German and Dutch Parliaments, the U.S. Senate Armed Services Committee and the House Subcommittee on European Affairs of the U.S. Congress. He has also been an occasional political advisor to German Chancellors Willy Brandt and Helmut Schmidt and to Foreign Minister Hans-Dietrich Genscher. Karl Kaiser is the author and/or editor of several hundred articles and fifty books in the fields of world affairs, German, French, British and U.S. foreign policy, East-West relations, nuclear proliferation, strategic theory, international economics and international environmental policy. His latest edited volume is entitled Asia and Europe: The Necessity for Cooperation (2004). Among his latest articles is "Indispensable NATO" in: Internationale Politik, Global Edition (summer 2008). Dr. Kaiser has been named an Honorary Doctor of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Commander of the British Empire (UK) and Officier de la Légion d'Honneur(F), Order of Merit 1st Class (D), Order of Merit 1st Class (Pl). His many awards include the Prix Bentinck and the Atlantic Award of NATO.

7	Name:	Professor Harold Hongju Koh
	Institution:	Yale Law School
	Year Elected:	2007
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	504. Scholars in the Professions
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1954

	Harold Hongju Koh earned his J.D. from Harvard University in 1980. After clerking for Judge Malcolm Wilkey and Justice Harry Blackmun, he served as an associate at Covington & Burling and as attorney-adviser in the Department of Justice's Office of Legal Counsel. In 1985 he joined the faculty at Yale Law School. At Yale, Koh quickly established himself as one of the nation's leading scholars of international law, with special emphasis on international human rights law. He also put his scholarship into practice from 1998-2001 as Assistant Secretary of State for Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, a post of substantial importance in the Clinton years. On returning to Yale in 2001, Koh, through extensive scholarship coupled with amicus briefs in major cases, soon became a highly influential critic of the rights-restrictive legal regime of the Bush administration. Koh was Gerard C. and Bernice Latrobe Smith Professor of International Law, 1993-2009, and Dean of the Law School, 2004-2009. With prodigious energy, he led his institution into a position of global academic eminence. President Obama appointed Koh Legal Advisor to the United States Department of State. He returned to Yale as Sterling Professor of International Law in January 2013. Harold Koh is the author of The National Security Constitution, 1990; International Business Transactions in United States Courts, 1998; and The Human Rights of Persons with Intellectual Disabilities: Different but Equal, 2003. He has received the American Political Science Association's Richard E. Neustadt Award, 1991; the Wolfgang Friedmann Award of Columbia Law School, 2003; and the Louis B. Sohn Award of the American Bar Association, 2005. He became a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences in 2000. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2007.

8	Name:	Dr. Jessica Tuchman Mathews
	Institution:	Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
	Year Elected:	2007
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1946

	Jessica Tuchman Mathews served as president of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace from 1997 to 2015. She is now a Distinguished Fellow at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Her career includes posts in the executive and legislative branches of government, in management and research in the nonprofit arena, and in journalism. She was a senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations from 1993 to 1997 and served as director of the Council's Washington program. While there, she published her seminal 1997 Foreign Affairs article, "Power Shift," chosen by the editors as one of the most influential in the journal's 75 years. From 1982 to 1993, she was founding vice president and director of research of the World Resources Institute, an internationally known center for policy research on environmental and natural-resource management issues. She served on the editorial board of the Washington Post from 1980 to 1982, covering energy, environment, science, technology, arms control, health, and other issues. Later, she became a weekly columnist for the Washington Post, writing a column that appeared nationwide and in the International Herald Tribune. From 1977 to 1979, she was director of the Office of Global Issues of the National Security Council, covering nuclear proliferation, conventional arms sales policy, chemical and biological warfare, and human rights. In 1993, she returned to government as deputy to the Undersecretary of State for Global Affairs. Dr. Mathews is a director of Somalogic Inc. and Hanesbrands Inc. and a trustee of the International Crisis Group, The Century Foundation, and the Nuclear Threat Initiative. She is also a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and the Trilateral Commission. She has previously served on the boards of the Brookings Institution, the Rockefeller Foundation, Radcliffe College, the Rockefeller Brothers Fund, the Surface Transportation Policy Project, and the Joyce Foundation, among others.

9	Name:	Mr. Joseph Neubauer
	Institution:	ARAMARK Corporation
	Year Elected:	2007
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1941

	Joseph Neubauer was Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of ARAMARK until 2012. With sales of approximately $12.4 billion, ARAMARK is a leading provider of a broad range of professional services including food, hospitality, facility, and uniform services. The company has approximately 240,000 employees serving 19 countries in North and South America, Europe and the Far East. Mr. Neubauer joined the company in March 1979 as executive vice president of finance and development, chief financial officer and a member of the Board of Directors. He was elected president in April 1981, chief executive officer in February 1983, and chairman in April 1984. Prior to ARAMARK, Neubauer held senior positions with PepsiCo, Inc. from 1971 to 1979, including senior vice president of PepsiCo's Wilson Sporting Goods Division and vice president and treasurer of the parent company, PepsiCo., Inc. From 1965 to 1971 he was with the Chase Manhattan Bank, serving in several capacities from assistant treasurer to vice president of commercial lending. Mr. Neubauer serves on the Board of Directors of Macy's Inc., Verizon Communications, Wachovia Corporation, the Barnes Foundation, Catalyst and the Jewish Theological Seminary. He also serves on the Board of Trustees for Tufts University and the University of Chicago. In 1994 he was inducted into the prestigious Horatio Alger Association of Distinguished Americans and currently serves as President and Chief Executive Officer. In 2005 he received the Woodrow Wilson Award for Corporate Citizenship. In 2014 he founded, along with his wife, the Philadelphia Academy of School Leaders. In 2007 Mr. Neubauer became a member of the American Philosophical Society. He received his undergraduate degree from Tufts University and his M.B.A. from the University of Chicago.

10	Name:	Lieutenant General William E. Odom
	Institution:	Hudson Institute; Yale University
	Year Elected:	2007
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1932
	Death Date:	May 30, 2008

11	Name:	Dr. James H. Simons
	Institution:	Euclidean LLC
	Year Elected:	2007
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1938

	James Simons has been very successful at two different endeavors: research mathematics and investing. During his career as a mathematician, James Simons was a leading differential geometer. He recast the subject of area of minimizing surfaces. A consequence of this was the settling of two classical questions, the Bernstein Conjecture and the Plateau Problem. Jointly with S.S. Chern, he discovered certain measurements now called the Chern-Simons Invariants, which have found wide use, particularly in theoretical physics. In 1978, Simons turned his attention to investments. He founded Renaissance Technologies Corporation, a private investment firm dedicated to the use of mathematical methods, which is staffed by Ph.D. mathematicians and physicists. Renaissance is one of the most successful fund management firms in history. He also manages the Simons Foundation, a private charitable organization devoted to scientific research with over $200 million in assets. He was elected to life membership in the MIT Corporation in July of 2010, and to membership in the National Academy of Sciences in 2014. In 2013 he received the Carnegie Medal of Philanthropy.

12	Name:	The Honorable David S. Tatel
	Institution:	United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
	Year Elected:	2007
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	502. Physicians, Theologians, Lawyers, Jurists, Architects, and Members of Other Professions
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1943

	Judge David S. Tatel was appointed to the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit by President Bill Clinton in October 1994. He 2022 he became Senior United States Circuit Judge, United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. Judge Tatel earned an undergraduate degree from the University of Michigan and a J.D. from the University of Chicago. Following law school, he was an instructor at the University of Michigan Law School and then joined Sidley & Austin in Chicago. Since then, he has served as founding Director of the Chicago Lawyers’ Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, Director of the National Lawyers’ Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, and Director of the Office for Civil Rights of the U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare during the Carter Administration. Returning to private practice in 1979, Judge Tatel joined Hogan & Hartson, where he founded and headed the firm’s education practice until his appointment to the D.C. Circuit. While on sabbatical from Hogan & Hartson, Judge Tatel spent a year as a lecturer at Stanford Law School. Judge Tatel has served on many non-profit boards, including The Spencer Foundation, which he chaired from 1990 to 1997. He currently chairs the Board of The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. Judge Tatel is a member of the American Philosophical Society, the National Academy of Education, and the National Academy of Sciences’ Committee on Science, Technology and Law. Judge Tatel and his wife, Edith, have four children and six grandchildren.